DOI: 10.31038/IGOJ.2018111

Abstract

Introduction: Premature Ovarian Failure (POF) is cessation of ovarian functions before the age of 40 years with consequent cessation of menstruation.

Objective of study: This paper aims to resolve two important issues about Premature ovarian Failure (1) To adopt a holistic evaluation of the clinical features and aetiology of POF and (2) To evaluate the outcome of replacement therapy with Tibolone in women with POF.

Patients and methods: Forty-two women seen at the outpatient clinic of Maternity Hospital form the subjects of the study. At the first consultation, clinical evaluation with history, physical examination and investigations were carried out. Blood samples were taken for determination of, Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), prolactin, testosterone and lipid profiles, vitamin D and autoimmune antibodies. Bone density was evaluated with QCT Scan. Ovarian reserve was estimated with serum levels for Anti-Mullerian Hormone.

Replacement therapy was with Tibolone 2.5 mg daily for at least 6 months

Results: Climacteric symptoms were common and patients had high serum levels of FSH, LH and low levels of estradiol and AMH. Aetiological factor included bilateral oophorectomy and Ovariectomy, autoimmunity including anti-thyroid and antiovarian antibodies, Chemo-radiotherapy and idiopathic. AMH was undetectable in patients with bilateral ablative ovarian surger and low in the remaining patients. Tibolone was well tolerated by patients with significant relief of vasomotor symptoms (P<0.001) but no effect on psychological reaction.

Conclusion: POF has multifactorial origin and needs a holistic management

Key words

Premature ovarian failure, Low ovarian reserve, Holistic management

Introduction

Premature ovarian Failure (POF) is sometimes referred to as Premature Ovarian Insufficiency (POI), Premature Ovarian Aging, Premature Menopause or Early Menopause. Menopause is considered to be premature when it occurs spontaneously in a woman before the age of 40 years. The prevalence of POF is 1/10,000 in women below the age of 20, 1/1,000 below 30 and 1% in women before the age of 40 years [1,2]. The European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) defined POF as “a clinical syndrome defined by depletion of follicular activity before the age of 40, characterized by menstrual disturbance (amenorrhea or olig0menorrhea), raised gonadotropins and low estradiol”. Its prevalence is said to be about 1% with long term health consequences [3]. It involves biochemical, physical and emotional perspectives. Physically, it is characterized by primary or secondary amenorrhea for at least four months, sex steroid deficiency and elevated serum gonadotropin concentrations. The diagnosis of premature ovarian failure is based on the finding of oligo/amenorrhea before age 40 associated with follicle-stimulating hormone levels in the menopausal level of > 40 mlU/L [1-3]. The diagnosis is confirmed by the detection of menopausal FSH levels on at least two occasions a few weeks apart in a woman before the age of 40 years. Screening for associated autoimmune disorders [4] and karyotyping, particularly in early onset disease, constitute part of the diagnostic work up. The classic etiologies are: Turner syndrome, pelvic surgery, radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. Although new genetic etiologies have been found in the past 10 years, the cause of POF is unknown in more than 75% of cases [5]. There is no role for ovarian biopsy or ultrasound in making the diagnosis. Regardless of cause, women who experience oestrogen deficiency at an early age before the natural menopause are now recognized to be at increased risk for premature morbidity and mortality [6]. In addition to the loss of fertility, women with POF are at increased risk of developing early atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in midlife as well as being at increased risk of osteoporotic fractures at an early age. Women with spontaneous premature ovarian failure perceive a need for more aggressive evaluation because the associated estrogen deficiency is a well-established risk factor for osteoporosis. The earlier the loss of normal levels of ovarian hormones, the greater the risk of bone loss.

The role of Anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) in the diagnosis of women with menopause especially Premature Ovarian Failure has recently attracted some attention [7,8]. In the female, AMH is solely produced by the granulosa cells of preantral and small antral follicles, and regulates ovarian activity and follicular steroidogenesis. Because of this exclusive source of production in the adult female, AMH is a potentially useful marker of ovarian function, and there have been increasing reports on its clinical utility.

Management essentially involves hormone replacement and infertility treatment, the most successful being assisted conception with donated oocytes. The chance to conceive spontaneously after premature ovarian failure is estimated at 5-10 percent [9,10]. Embryo cryopreservation, ovarian tissue or oocyte cryopreservation and in vitro maturation of oocytes hold promise in cases where ovarian failure is foreseeable as in women undergoing cancer treatments [11]. In the near future cryopreservation of ovarian tissue will offer some hope to women at risk to develop premature ovarian failure, e.g. women from families with familial premature ovarian failure and women scheduled to undergo chemotherapy or radiotherapy at a young age [11] (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Bone Mineral Densitometry of 36 year old lady with Premature Ovarian Failure

Most women who experience POF require long term hormone therapy (HT) in order to maintain good overall health. Tibolone is a synthetic hormone and its actions are similar to oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone. It may help to improve mood, help the patient to sleep better, decrease hot flushes and improve general wellbeing. Tibolone may also help sex drive by improving vaginal secretions, increasing free testosterone and mood and it is not associated with an increased risk of breast cancer [5].

Objective of study: This paper aims to resolve two important issues about Premature ovarian Failure (1) To adopt a holistic view in the evaluation of the clinical features and aetiology of POF and the use of Anti-Mullerian Hormone for diagnosis (2) To evaluate the outcome of replacement therapy with Tibolone, in women with POF.

Subjects and Methods

Forty-two women seen at the outpatient clinic of Maternity Hospital fulfilled the study criteria and were recruited into the study.

Study design

This is a cross sectional study. Information on the background clinical features leading to premature menopause /ovarian failure were collated and serum levels of Anti-Mullerian Hormone evaluated according to the aetiological factors:

1. Iatrogenic causes of POF –operation-bilateral oophorectomy or Ovariectomy
2. Chemo/radio-Therapy
3. Gradual progression to POF
4. Auto immune antibodies

The second part of the study investigates the effects of Tibolone 2.5 mg and compared the symptoms of POF posttherapy effects 6 months after, using a scale of 1 to 5 ascendancy in the amelioration of symptoms.

At the first clinic consultation, clinical evaluation which included history pertaining to menstrual cycle characteristics, the occurrence of menopause, use of hormones or other medication, as well as reproductive history, physical examination and investigations, were carried out.

Ethical consideration

Verbal informed consent was received from all women and the study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Maternity Hospital, Kuwait. To obtain the participants’ informed consent, the objectives and general procedures of the research was explained to them as well as their right to drop out at any given moment with no ensuing change in the quality of the medical care they would continue to receive.

Investigations

The investigations included blood samples taken for determination of hormone profile –FSH, LH, prolactin, testosterone and thyroid function test by radioimmunoassay and lipid profile, autoimmune antibodies, Anti-mullerian Hormone and Vitamin D_3. Bone density evaluation using QCT Scan was carried out in 17 of the patients.

Hormone profile: Estimation of serum concentration of FSH, LH, Prolactin, Testosterone, Estradiol, TSH and FT4 were carried out with radioimmunoassay.

Lipid profile– The concentration of total and HDL-cholesterol as well as triglyceride were measured directly after 12-14 hours fast. LDL-cholesterol concentration were estimated using Friedwald equation thus: LDL-C=Total Cholesterol-HDL- [triglyceride/5].

Auto antibodies– Both anti-thyroid and anti-ovarian were determined by use of indirect immunofluorescence assay.

Anti-mullerian hormone: In order to have an idea of ovarian reserve, serum levels of Anti-Mullerian Hormone were estimated using sandwich ELISA as previously described [12] with the immunosorbent assay from Immunotech Coulter (Marseille, France) with a detection limit of 0.05 ng/ml and intra and inter-assay coefficients of variation were <5 and 8%, respectively.

Vitamin D₃: The 25-hydroxy Vitamin D test, in which the normal concentration of vitamin D was measured as nanogram per milliliter (ng/ml) with normal range 20-40 ng/ml.

Genetic testing: Chromosomal analysis of the 15 patients peripheral blood was used for mutational analysis, with the banding technique.

Mammography: Full field digital mammography (FFDM) was used because it uses computerized data recording, tele –reporting and automatic display on monitor of previous results.

Statistical Analysis

SPSS version 22 was used for the statistical analysis. We only analyze fully completed questionnaires. Comparisons with the Wilcoxon Rank Sum, proportions by Chi Square, and correlations with the Spearman Rank Order was done reported results as mean (SD) or median (range). We considered a p value of less than 0.05 as statistically significant.

Results

As shown in table 1, about 38% of the women with POF were below 30 years and about 60 % below 35 years, and the median age of the women was 28 years, 19% were single-and 8 of the women could not get married because of POF, while 21.4% got divorced since the problem of POF started probably as a result of infertility or cessation of menstruation. The women were well educated with 81% having secondary school education and 19.1% benefitted from university education. A third of the women had no children, although half of them were married and the mean parity was 1.2 ± 0.6; 14 (34.2%) were nulliparous and 22 (53.7%) had 1 to 2 children, thus highlighting a major problem of infertility.

Table 1. Characteristics of Patients with Premature Ovarian Failure

The presenting symptoms are summarized table 2. Climacteric symptoms were common in women with POF with hot flushes 81%, night sweats 38%, vaginal dryness 21% and dyspareunia 16.7%. Others included itching 11.9 % and depression and anxiety in 38.1% and 29% respectively.

Table 2. Investigations Checklist

Table 3, shows the holistic approach to the investigations. The hormone profile and lipid profile were mandatory in all 42 women. The confirmation of menopause is usually through high levels of FSH and LH. All patients had high FSH (52 ± 4 IU/L) and LH levels (28 ± 6) in the natural menopausal age and low serum levels of oestradiol. Similarly, baseline lipid profile is necessary for monitoring cardiovascular risks of the patient before commencing them on hormone replacement therapy. In the present study, 6 women (about 14%) had elevated total cholesterol and LDL-C.

Table 3. Hormone and Lipid Profiles

As shown in table 4, ablative operations with removal of the ovaries (Oophorectomy and ovariectomy) was the commonest single cause of POI. Two women had POF at the age of 18 and 19 years respectively as a result of bilateral torsion of the ovarian cyst and ischaemia and gangrene formation. Another 2 had ruptured inflammed appendix mass with resultant generalized morbid pelvic adhesions with amalgamation of both ovaries. At operation, the ovaries were inadvertently removed. A 21 year old women that had malignant thecoma involving both ovaries, had them removed with extensive metastasis. It is of paramount importance to distinguish between premature ovarian failure (POF) and premature menopause. This is why we evaluated the serum levels of AMH in the four groups as shown in table 4 which summarizes the causative factors of POF: (1) POF from ablative operation of bilateral oophorectomy or ovariectomy (2) POF from gonadotoxicity of chemotherapy / radiotherapy (3) POF from autoimmunity from anti-thyroid and anti-ovarian antibodies and (4) idiopathic POF which in 48% of the women. For comparison, an internal control group of ten women with regular periods was recruited and also had serum AMH assays as shown in figure 2. serum Anti-mullerian hormone was undetectable in group 1, detectable in group 2 at very low levels(p<0.05). There was significant difference between groups 3 and 4 (P<0.01). Although conditions like Turner’s Syndrome and Trisomy 21 were excluded from the present study, Genetic testing was carried out in 15 women with POF under 30 years of age. The only finding was “46, XX, 9(phqh, normal variant” which was normal for the female.

Table 4. Aetiological Factors of Premature Ovarian Failure

The use of Tibolone for replacement therapy, was well tolerated by majority of the women. The only side effect was break-through which was mainly due to inability of the woman to take the drug as advised. Concerns about deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and stroke made the team monitor Tibolone with lipid profile. No abnormality was detected.

In Table 5, the outcome of replacement therapy is evaluated using the scale of 1 (No change) to 5 (Total improvement). Hot flushes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, dyspareunia and vulva itching have significant improvement and total elimination of symptoms. Urinary frequency has some improvement but not significant. Tibolone has no effect on emotional reactions like depression and anxiety.

Figure 2. Comparative serum levels of AMH.

Table 5. Effects of Replacement Therapy with Tibolone.

1= No Change, 2=Little improvement, 3= Moderate improvement, 4= great improvement, 5= Total improvement

Discussion

The present study has shown that patient with POI are normally developed individuals well prepared for exigencies of life with appropriate education and social marital setting. However, a diagnosis of POI, has both short and long term health problems. In the short term, many of them have hot flushes, insomnia and problems of oestrogen deficiency like dyspareunia and bladder problems [1]. Long term health concerns as a result of oestrogen deficiency may include cardiovascular disorders and osteoporosis [13].

Auto-immune diseases with autoantibodies have been associated with Premature ovarian Insufficiency in the present study. Many other autoimmune conditions have been similarly implicated. They include Endocrine diseases such as hypothyroidism,,addison’s disease,, hypophysitis, hypoparathyroidism, and Type 1 diabetes, all in association with their autoantibodies [14-17]. In addition there are also non-endocrine conditions like Pernicious anaemia, Myasthenia gravis, Chronic candidiasis (in type 1 autoimmune polyglandular failure syndrome), Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, Vitiligo, Alopecia, Autoimmune haemolyticanaemia, Systemic lupus nephritis, Crohn’s disease, Sjögren’s syndrome, Rheumatoid arthritis, Primary biliary cirrhosis, Coeliac disease, Chronic active hepatitis [18,19].

Genetic basis of Premature ovarian Failure was not revealed in the present study, may be because of the small number of women with that had genetic testing. They may include 45X0 (Turners syndrome) that gives rise to gonadal dysgenesis and primary amenorrhoea. Blocking mutations of FSH receptors leads to primary Amenorrhoea. Fragile X Occurs when number of trinucleotide repeats is in excess of 200 and gene transcription fails and FMRI (Xq27.3) protein is not expressed with increased prevalence of POF [20]. Other candidate genes for POI Chromosome 3–long arm (syndrome of blepharophimosis, ptosis and POI). The absence of Connerin 37 between ovum and granulosa cells, leads to infertility in mice [21]. The present study has clearly demonstrated that Tibolone relieves vasomotor symptoms such as hot flushes, night sweats, vaginal dryness and dyspareunia. Tibolone is a synthetic hormone and its actions are similar to oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone [5]. It may help to improve mood, help you sleep better, decrease hot flushes and improve general wellbeing. Tibolone may also help sex drive by improving vaginal secretions, increasing free testosterone and mood. Tibolone is not associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, in women without breast cancer [5].

Conversely, Tibolone has little effect on urinary symptoms like frequency and urge incontinence and psychological reactions such as depression and anxiety, which are common in in patients diagnosed with premature ovarian failure.

Managing menopause in women with cancer involves a number of options (Shover et al). These include lifestyle changes, which can help reduce depression, anxiety, cardiovascular and osteoporosis risks, psychological support and medication

Counselling and education to diagnose impending POF presenting with irregular menstrual periods. And before chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, you should investigate your options for trying to preserve eggs for conception. There are a number of options including, egg preservation, embryo freezing, ovarian preservation and ovarian biopsy and freezing [22].

Limitations of the study

Small sample. There is need for larger sample size with high cronbach factor.

 Not all 42 women benefitted from all the investigations.

Conclusion

This study has articulated a new paradigm in the management of POF with holistic attitude towards diagnosis and treatment with monitoring of treatment.

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